手术备血现况调查及优化手术备血策略的应用价值探讨

目的回顾分析本院手术备、用血情况,探讨优化手术备血策略的应用价值。方法收集四川大学华西医院2012~2018年的手术备、用血数据,计算输血率、备血输注率、输血指数等指标,评判手术备血合理性,并分别以输血指数≥0.3、输血率≥5%、输血指数≥0.5推荐备血来计算可节省的费用。结果 1)手术备血相对合理的外科科室有心脏外科和烧伤整形科,其他外科科室手术备血存在过度的现象,尤以胸外科最为明显;2)备血率排前15位的手术中,备血较合理的手术有二尖瓣置换术、室间隔修补/封堵、主动脉瓣置换,其他12种手术均存在备血过度的情况,尤以肺切除术最为严重;3)分别用3个指标推荐手术备血,备血人数理论上可减少19%~80%,每年节约检测费用39~128万元。结论本院心脏外科和烧伤整形科的手术备血较为合理,其他科室手术备血过度的现象较普遍,尤其是胸外科,通过建立手术最大备血量目录可减少不必要的备血,从而提高血液资源利用率,节省人力物力资源,减少患者的住院费用。     

肺部超声引导下胸部物理治疗急性呼吸窘迫综合征的临床疗效观察

目的对比肺部超声引导下胸部物理治疗与单纯胸部物理治疗对机械通气急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的疗效,探讨肺部超声在ARDS胸部物理治疗中的应用价值。方法选取在我院行机械通气的ARDS患者104例,根据ARDS限制性保护通气策略随机分为两组,对照组52例,常规治疗加机械辅助排痰;超声组52例,常规治疗加超声引导机械辅助排痰。每组根据氧合指数再分为轻度(200 mm Hg≤氧合指数<300 mm Hg)、中度(100 mm Hg≤氧合指数<200 mm Hg)、重度(氧合指数<100 mm Hg),比较两组及不同严重程度患者治疗前、治疗24 h和48 h后血气分析、肺超声评分。结果治疗过程期间提前脱机11例,死亡6例;最终纳入87例,其中对照组45例(轻度14例、中度23例、重度8例),超声组42例(轻度16例、中度19例、重度7例)。对照组与超声组治疗前氧合指数和肺超声评分比较差异均无统计学意义;对照组和超声组治疗48 h后氧合指数明显上升,超声评分明显下降,与治疗前比较差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.05)。两组中度患者治疗后24 h和48 h肺超声评分比较差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.05),两组轻度和重度患者间治疗后24 h和48 h肺超声评分比较差异均无统计学意义。两组中度患者治疗后24 h氧合指数比较差异无统计学意义,治疗后48 h后氧合指数比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);两组轻度及重度患者间治疗后24 h和48 h氧合指数比较差异均无统计学意义。氧合指数与肺部超声评分呈负相关(r=-0.510,P<0.01)。结论与单纯胸部物理治疗比较,超声引导下胸部物理治疗有助于改善部分ARDS患者氧合指数和肺超声评分,具有潜在临床应用价值。     

Epileptogenic modulation index and synchronization in hypsarrhythmia of West syndrome secondary to perinatal arterial ischemic stroke

ObjectivePerinatal arterial ischemic stroke (PAIS) is associated with epileptic spasms of West syndrome (WS) and long term Focal epilepsy (FE). The mechanism of epileptogenic network generation causing hypsarrhythmia of WS is unknown. We hypothesized that Modulation index (MI) [strength of phase-amplitude coupling] and Synchronization likelihood (SL) [degree of connectivity] could interrogate the epileptogenic network in hypsarrhythmia of WS secondary to PAIS.MethodsWe analyzed interictal scalp electroencephalography (EEG) in 10 WS and 11 FE patients with unilateral PAIS. MI between gamma (30–70 Hz) and slow waves (3–4 Hz) was calculated to measure phase-amplitude coupling. SL between electrode pairs was analyzed in 9-frequency bands (5-delta, theta, alpha, beta, gamma) to examine inter- and intra-hemispheric connectivity.ResultsMI was higher in affected hemispheres in WS (p = 0.006); no differences observed in FE. Inter-hemispheric SL of 3-delta, theta, alpha, beta, gamma bands was significantly higher in WS (p < 0.001). In WS, modified Z-Score of intra-hemispheric SL values in 3-delta, theta, alpha, beta and gamma in the affected hemispheres were significantly higher than those in the unaffected hemispheres (p < 0.001) as well as 0.5–4 Hz (p = 0.004).ConclusionsThe significantly higher modulation in affected hemisphere and stronger inter- and intra-hemispheric connectivity generate hypsarrhythmia of WS secondary to PAIS.SignificanceEpileptogenic cortical-subcortical transcallosal networks from affected hemisphere post-PAIS provokes infantile spasms.     

Clearing hepatitis C virus with direct antiviral agents reduces cardiovascular events in patients with prediabetes. Commentary to Sasso and colleagues

Liver health is a key determinant of cardiovascular risk (CVR). Hepatic fibrosis is the shared common result of chronic hepatitis, irrespective of aetiology. Fibrosis profoundly distorts liver tissue architecture and perturbs hepatic physiology, dictates the course of chronic liver disease and is increasingly recognized as a CVR factor. The relative weights of pre-diabetes and hepatic fibrosis as risk factors for major adverse cardiac events (MACE) in patients with HCV remain an open issue. Sasso and Colleagues answered this research question by treating approximately half of 770 HCV positive pre-diabetic patients with direct antiviral agents (DAAs), while the rest served as historical controls. Data have shown that achieving HCV clearance with DAAs was associated with a 60% reduced risk of MACE, thereby implying that this antiviral strategy is recommended in HCV positive pre-diabetic patients, regardless of the severity of liver disease and concurrent CVR factors. This study paves the way for additional studies addressing the molecular patho-mechanisms and changes in the clinical spectrum involved in cardio-metabolic protection following HCV eradication in patients with pre-diabetes.     

Impact of dose reduction and the use of an advanced model-based iterative reconstruction algorithm on spectral performance of a dual-source CT system: A task-based image quality assessment

PurposeTo assess the impact of dose reduction and the use of an advanced modeled iterative reconstruction algorithm (ADMIRE) on image quality in low-energy monochromatic images from a dual-source dual energy computed tomography CT (DSCT) platform.Materials and methodsAcquisitions on an image-quality phantom were performed using DSCT equipment with 100/Sn150 kVp for four dose levels (CTDI_vol: 20/11/8/5mGy). Raw data were reconstructed for six energy levels (40/50/60/70/80/100 keV) using filtered back projection and two levels of ADMIRE (A3/A5). Noise power spectrum (NPS) and task-based transfer function (TTF) were calculated on virtual monoenergetic images (VMIs). Detectability index (d′) was computed to model the detection task of two enhanced iodine lesions as function of keV.ResultsNoise-magnitude was significantly reduced between 40 to 70 keV by ?56 ± 0% (SD) (range: ?56%–?55%) with FBP; ?56 ± 0% (SD) (?56%–?56%) with A3; and ?57 ± 1% (SD) (range: ?57%–?56%) with A5. The average spatial frequency of the NPS peaked at 70 keV and decreased as ADMIRE level increased. TTF values at 50% were greatest at 40 keV and shifted towards lower frequencies as the keV increased. The detectability of both lesions increased with increasing dose level and ADMIRE level. For the simulated lesion with iodine at 2 mg/mL, d’ values peaked at 70 keV for all reconstruction types, except for A3 at 20 mGy and A5 at 11 and 20 mGy, where d’ peaked at 60 keV. For the other simulated lesion, d’ values were highest at 40 keV and decreased beyond.ConclusionAt low keV on VMIs, this study confirms that iterative reconstruction reduces the noise magnitude, improves the spatial resolution and increases the detectability of enhanced iodine lesions.     

基于交叉对比神经网络的心音分类

目的:通过交叉对比神经网络（CCNN）实现心音信号的自动分类，从而对心血管疾病进行早期诊断。方法:实验基于PhysioNet/Cinc 2016心音数据库。训练集和测试集数据来自互斥的健康受试者/病理患者，并以4:1的比例进行划分，输入CCNN。CCNN利用深度卷积神经网络进行特征提取，结合基于信息的相似度度量理论（IBS），对特征向量间的相似性进行度量并分类。结果:实验结果得出灵敏度为0.834 6，特异性为0.962 3，最终大赛综合得分为0.898 5。结论:CCNN使用交叉对比的输入模式扩充数据量，引入信号间的对比信息，同时在神经网络的训练过程中应用统计学思想，使网络具备良好的泛化性，更加适应医学数据量较少的场景，在心音分类中取得较好的结果。     

Prevalence and evolution of snoring and the associated factors in two-year-old children

ObjectivesTo evaluate the prevalence and persistence of snoring during the first two years of life in two Finnish birth cohorts and to assess the associated factors.Study designThe study population comprised 947 children from the CHILD-SLEEP (CS) and 1393 children from the FinnBrain (FB) birth cohorts. Questionnaires were provided to both parents when the child was 24 months of age. The questionnaire consisted of parts concerning the child's sleep and environmental factors.ResultsThe combined prevalence of habitual snoring in the two birth cohorts at the age of 24 months was 2.3% (95% CI 1.5–3.1), which is markedly lower than reported previously.Children suffering from recurrent infections (CS odds ratio (OR) 3.9, 95% CI 1.2–12.5) or asthma (FB OR 4.3, 1.4–13.5) snored habitually more often. Both the mother's (CS OR 3.2, 1.2–9.0) and father's (CS OR 3.4, 1.4–8.0) snoring every night added to the risk of the child snoring. In the multivariate models, parental snoring (CS adjusted odds ratio (OR_a) 2.8, 1.1–6.8), the mother's lower level of education (CS OR_a 2.9, 1.2–7.5, FB OR_a 2.1, 1.0–4.5), and the mother's lower monthly income (FB OR_a 2.9, 1.3–6.3) associated with the child's habitual snoring.ConclusionsThe prevalence of habitual snoring in two Finnish birth cohorts is lower than reported previously. The independent risk factors for habitual snoring at the age of two years were the parents' snoring and the mother's low income and low education.     

Optimal cut-off value of preprocedural geriatric nutritional risk index for predicting the clinical outcomes of patients undergoing endovascular revascularization for peripheral artery disease

BackgroundMalnutrition measured by the geriatric nutritional risk index (GNRI) was reported to be associated with poor prognosis for patients with peripheral artery disease (PAD). However, the optimal cut-off value of preprocedural GNRI for critical limb ischemia (CLI) and intermittent claudication (IC) is unknown. We aimed to determine its optimal cut-off value for CLI or IC patients requiring endovascular revascularization.MethodsWe explored data of 2246 patients (CLI: n = 1061, IC: n = 1185) registered in the Tokyo-taMA peripheral vascular intervention research COmraDE (TOMA-CODE) registry, which prospectively enrolled consecutive PAD patients who underwent endovascular revascularization in 34 hospitals in Japan from August 2014 to August 2016. The optimal cut-off values of GNRI were assessed by the survival classification and regression tree (CART) analyses, and the survival curve analyses for major adverse cardiovascular and limb events (MACLEs) were performed for these cut-off values.ResultsIn addition to the first cut-off value of 96.2 in CLI and 85.6 in IC, the survival CART provided an additional cut-off value of 78.2 in CLI and 106.0 in IC for further risk stratification. The survival curve was significantly stratified by the GNRI-based malnutrition status in both CLI [high risk: 47.7% (51/107), moderate: 30.1% (118/392), and low: 10.2% (53/520), log–rank p < 0.001] and IC [high risk: 14.3% (7/49), moderate: 4.5% (29/646), and low: 0.5% (2/407), log–rank p < 0.001]. The multivariate Cox-proportional hazard analysis showed that a higher GNRI was significantly associated with a better outcome in both CLI [hazard ratio (HR) per 1-point increase: 0.97, 95% CI: 0.96–0.98, p < 0.001] and IC (HR: 0.94, 95% CI: 0.91–0.97, p < 0.001).ConclusionsPreprocedural nutritional status significantly stratified future events in patients with PAD. Given that the optimal cut-off value of GNRI in CLI was almost 10-points lower than that of IC, using a disease-specific cut-off value is important for risk stratification.     

基于超分子“气析”理论构建中药制剂靶向性评价方法及实验验证

目的 构建基于超分子“气析”理论的中药制剂的靶向性评价方法，并对柴胡影响片仔癀的肝靶向性进行研究。方法 采用分子连接性指数分析主要归肝经的药材、片仔癀中的各成分“印迹模板”特征及肝靶向趋势；利用中药多成分“印迹模板”自主作用特征，结合靶区动力学和总量统计矩原理建立中药制剂的靶向性评价方法，并对片仔癀组、柴胡组、片仔癀+柴胡组、空白组4组作用的肝癌大鼠进行实验验证。结果 扣除主要归肝经药材分子连接性指数平均值后，片仔癀组与柴胡组的分子连接性指数相似度0.376 8，片仔癀+柴胡组与柴胡组的分子连接性指数相似度0.988 2，预测柴胡可增强片仔癀的肝靶向性。建立中药复方靶向性的评价体系，包括相对总量摄取率（RUE_T），相对总量浓度（RC_T），相对“印迹”趋势（RIT_T）及相对“印迹”方差（RIV_T）；各组织中肝脏的RUE_T和RC_T均为最大（RUE_T=1.88>1，RC_T=2.30>1），其他组织这2个参数则均<1，说明片仔癀结合柴胡后能增加其在肝脏的分布，肝靶向性增强；除血浆外，其他组织的RIT_T及RIV_T均在1.0附近波动，说明靶向修饰不改变片仔癀的“印迹”作用趋势，对成分种类也无明显影响。结论 在超分子“气析”理论指导下，可建立以分子连接性指数和总量统计矩参数表征中药制剂多成分“印迹”作用的靶向性评价参数体系，实现对中药制剂靶向性的评价，柴胡的加入可增加片仔癀的肝靶向性。